Python：如何實現__getattr __（）？

Question

我班有一個快譯通，例如：

class MyClass(object): 
    def __init__(self): 
     self.data = {'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'} 

然後我想用字典的鍵與MyClass的實例來訪問字典，例如：

ob = MyClass() 
v = ob.a # Here I expect ob.a returns 'v1' 

我知道這應該可以實現由__getattr__，但我是Python的新手，我不知道如何實現它。

Answer 1

class MyClass(object): 

    def __init__(self): 
     self.data = {'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'} 

    def __getattr__(self, attr): 
     return self.data[attr] 

---

>>> ob = MyClass() 
>>> v = ob.a 
>>> v 
'v1' 

實施__setattr__時，雖然要小心，你將需要進行一些修改：

class MyClass(object): 

    def __init__(self): 
     # prevents infinite recursion from self.data = {'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'} 
     # as now we have __setattr__, which will call __getattr__ when the line 
     # self.data[k] tries to access self.data, won't find it in the instance 
     # dictionary and return self.data[k] will in turn call __getattr__ 
     # for the same reason and so on.... so we manually set data initially 
     super(MyClass, self).__setattr__('data', {'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'}) 

    def __setattr__(self, k, v): 
     self.data[k] = v 

    def __getattr__(self, k): 
     # we don't need a special call to super here because getattr is only 
     # called when an attribute is NOT found in the instance's dictionary 
     try: 
      return self.data[k] 
     except KeyError: 
      raise AttributeError 

---

>>> ob = MyClass() 
>>> ob.c = 1 
>>> ob.c 
1 

如果您不需要設置屬性只是使用一個namedtuple 例如。

>>> from collections import namedtuple 
>>> MyClass = namedtuple("MyClass", ["a", "b"]) 
>>> ob = MyClass(a=1, b=2) 
>>> ob.a 
1 

如果你想在默認參數，你可以只寫一個包裝類周圍：

class MyClass(namedtuple("MyClass", ["a", "b"])): 

    def __new__(cls, a="v1", b="v2"): 
     return super(MyClass, cls).__new__(cls, a, b) 

或者它看起來就像一個功能更好：

def MyClass(a="v1", b="v2", cls=namedtuple("MyClass", ["a", "b"])): 
    return cls(a, b) 

---

>>> ob = MyClass() 
>>> ob.a 
'v1' 

Answer 2

class A(object): 
    def __init__(self): 
    self.data = {'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'} 
    def __getattr__(self, attr): 
    try: 
     return self.data[attr] 
    except: 
     return "not found" 


>>>a = A() 
>>>print a.a 
v1 
>>>print a.c 
not found 

Answer 3

因此我喜歡這樣做。

我從某個地方拿過它，但我不記得在哪裏。

class A(dict): 
    def __init__(self, *a, **k): 
     super(A, self).__init__(*a, **k) 
     self.__dict__ = self 

這使得對象的__dict__一樣的本身，使屬性和項目的訪問映射到相同的字典：

a = A() 
a['a'] = 2 
a.b = 5 
print a.a, a['b'] # prints 2 5 

Answer 4

我想通了一個擴展@ glglgl的回答，處理嵌套字典和詞典內部列出了在原詞典：

class d(dict): 
    def __init__(self, *a, **k): 
     super(d, self).__init__(*a, **k) 
     self.__dict__ = self 
     for k in self.__dict__: 
      if isinstance(self.__dict__[k], dict): 
       self.__dict__[k] = d(self.__dict__[k]) 
      elif isinstance(self.__dict__[k], list): 
       for i in range(len(self.__dict__[k])): 
        if isinstance(self.__dict__[k][i], dict): 
         self.__dict__[k][i] = d(self.__dict__[k][i]) 

Answer 5

您可以初始化類字典通過構造函數：

def __init__(self,**data): 

，並調用它，如下所示：

f = MyClass(**{'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'}) 

所有實例的屬性被訪問（讀）在__setattr__，需要利用其母公司（超）方法是宣佈，只一次：

super().__setattr__('NewVarName1', InitialValue) 

或者

super().__setattr__('data', dict()) 

此之後，它們可以被訪問或以通常的方式分配給：

self.x = 1 

：

self.data = data 

屬性和實例屬性不被訪問在__setattr__，可以以通常的方式被聲明

重寫的__setattr__方法現在必須在其自身內部調用父方法，以便聲明新變量：

super().__setattr__(key,value) 

一個完整的類將如下所示：

class MyClass(object): 
    def __init__(self, **data): 
     # The variable self.data is used by method __setattr__ 
     # inside this class, so we will need to declare it 
     # using the parent __setattr__ method: 
     super().__setattr__('data', dict()) 
     self.data = data    
     # These declarations will jump to 
     # super().__setattr__('data', dict()) 
     # inside method __setattr__ of this class: 
     self.x = 1 
     self.y = 2 

    def __getattr__(self, name): 
    # This will callback will never be called for instance variables 
    # that have beed declared before being accessed. 
     if name in self.data: 
      # Return a valid dictionary item: 
      return self.data[name] 
     else: 
      # So when an instance variable is being accessed, and 
      # it has not been declared before, nor is it contained 
      # in dictionary 'data', an attribute exception needs to 
      # be raised. 
      raise AttributeError 

    def __setattr__(self, key, value): 
     if key in self.data: 
      # Assign valid dictionary items here: 
      self.data[key] = value 
     else: 
      # Assign anything else as an instance attribute: 
      super().__setattr__(key,value) 

測試：

f = MyClass(**{'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'}) 
print("f.a = ", f.a) 
print("f.b = ", f.b) 
print("f.data = ", f.data) 
f.a = 'c' 
f.d = 'e' 
print("f.a = ", f.a) 
print("f.b = ", f.b) 
print("f.data = ", f.data) 
print("f.d = ", f.d) 
print("f.x = ", f.x) 
print("f.y = ", f.y) 
# Should raise attributed Error 
print("f.g = ", f.g) 

輸出：

f.a = v1 
f.b = v2 
f.data = {'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'} 
f.a = c 
f.b = v2 
f.data = {'a': 'c', 'b': 'v2'} 
f.d = e 
f.x = 1 
f.y = 2 
Traceback (most recent call last): 
    File "MyClass.py", line 49, in <module> 
    print("f.g = ", f.g) 
    File "MyClass.py", line 25, in __getattr__ 
    raise AttributeError 
AttributeError 

Answer 6

我想，這是實現冷卻器

class MyClass(object): 
    def __init__(self): 
     self.data = {'a': 'v1', 'b': 'v2'} 
    def __getattr__(self,key): 
     return self.data.get(key,None) 

Answer 7

晚會晚了，但發現了兩個非常好的資源，可以更好地解釋這一點（恕我直言）。

如http://western-skies.blogspot.com.br/2008/02/complete-example-of-getattr-in-python.html中所述，您應該使用self.__dict__來訪問__getattr__中的字段，以避免無限遞歸。所提供的例子是：

def __getattr__(self, attrName): 
    if not self.__dict__.has_key(attrName): 
    value = self.fetchAttr(attrName) # computes the value 
    self.__dict__[attrName] = value 
    return self.__dict__[attrName] 

注意：在第二行（上圖），一個更Python方法是（has_key顯然在Python 3甚至移除）：

if attrName not in self.__dict__: 

另一個資源（http://farmdev.com/src/secrets/magicmethod/#introducing-getattr）解釋說__getattr__只有在該對象中沒有找到該屬性時纔會被調用，並且hasattr總是返回True如果存在的實現。它提供了下面的例子，來證明：

class Test(object): 
    def __init__(self): 
     self.a = 'a' 
     self.b = 'b' 

    def __getattr__(self, name): 
     return 123456 

t = Test() 
print 'object variables: %r' % t.__dict__.keys() 
#=> object variables: ['a', 'b'] 
print t.a 
#=> a 
print t.b 
#=> b 
print t.c 
#=> 123456 
print getattr(t, 'd') 
#=> 123456 
print hasattr(t, 'x') 
#=> True